Publications

@incollection{ICRISAT2013b,
title = {Mission project on rainfed agriculture: Bridging yield gaps through science-led interventions for sustainable use of natural resources in Karnataka},
author = {ICRISAT},
url = {http://111.93.2.168/idc/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BhooChetana_2012-13.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-04-30},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@incollection{AA2013,
title = {Prospects for kharif (Rainy Season) and Summer Pearl Millet in Western India. Working Paper Series no. 36},
author = {Reddy AA and Rao PP and Yadav OP and Singh IP and Ardeshna NJ and Kundu KK and Gupta SK and Sharma R and Sawargaonkar GL and Malik DP and Shyam DM and Reddy KS},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6693/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-03-29},
publisher = {Working Paper},
address = {ICRISAT, India},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@incollection{AA2013b,
title = {Utilization Pattern, Demand and Supply of Pearl Millet Grain and Fodder in Western India. Working Paper Series No. 37},
author = {Reddy AA and Yadav OP and Malik DP and Singh IP and Ardeshna NJ and Kundu KK and Gupta SK and Sharma R and Sawargaonkar GL and Shyam DM and Reddy KS },
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6694/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-03-29},
publisher = {Working Paper},
address = {ICRISAT, India},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@proceedings{ICRISAT2013b,
title = {Proceedings of GoK-CGIAR initiative for improving rural livelihoods in Karnataka [3–4 January 2013]},
author = {ICRISAT },
url = {http://111.93.2.168/idc/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BCplus-GoK-CGIAR-Meeting3-4-Jan-13-Proceedings-Final.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-03-12},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}

@article{Girish2013,
title = {Balanced and integrated nutrient management for enhancedand economic food production: Case study from rainfed semi-arid tropics in India},
author = {Chander Girish and P.Wani Suhas and L.Sahrawat Kanwar and J.Kamdi Prasad and K.Pal Chitendra and K.Pal Dilip and P.Mathur Tej},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2012.761336},
doi = {10.1080/03650340.2012.761336},
issn = {0365-0340},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science},
volume = {59},
number = {12},
abstract = {Soil degradation in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) is mainly responsible for low crop and water productivity. In Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states in India, the soil analyses of farmers’ fields revealed widespread deficiencies of S (9–96%), B (17–100%) and Zn (22–97%) along with that of P (25–92%). Soil organic C was deficient in 7–84% fields indicating specifically N deficiencies and poor soil health in general. During on-farm evaluations in rainy seasons 2010 and 2011, the soil test based addition of deficient nutrient fertilizers as balanced nutrition (BN) increased crop yields by 6–40% (benefit to cost ratios of 0.81–4.28) through enhanced rainwater use efficiency. The integrated nutrient management (INM), however, decreased the use of chemical fertilizers in BN by up to 50% through on-farm produced vermicompost and recorded yields at par or more than BN with far better benefit to cost ratios (2.26–10.2). Soybean grain S and Zn contents improved with INM. Applied S, B, Zn and vermicompost showed residual benefits as increased crop yields for succeeding three seasons. Hence, results showed INM/BN was economically beneficial for producing more food, while leading to resilience building of SAT production systems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace7294,
title = {Balanced nutrient management : Effects on plant zinc},
author = {Sahrawat KL and Wani SP and Pardhasaradhi G},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7294/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of SAT Agricultural Research},
volume = {11},
number = {12},
pages = {1--3},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Participatory on-farm research on the diagnosis and management of nutrient disorders over the last decade by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and its partners has established that multi-nutrient deficiency is the norm rather than an exception. The results of analysis of a large number of soil samples from farmers? fields in the semi-arid tropical regions of India showed that generally the soils are low in organic carbon (C), indicating general poor soil health. Apart from deficiencies of the major nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), the deficiencies of secondary nutrient sulfur (S) and micronutrients especially zinc (Zn) and boron (B) are widespread and indeed revealing. The results from a large number of on-farm follow-up trials comparing soil test-based balanced nutrition with farmers? inputs showed that balanced plant nutrient management significantly increases crop productivity (Sahrawat and Wani 2013) and enhances grain and straw quality of crops (Sahrawat et al. 2008). Currently...},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@manual{dspace6643,
title = {Bhoochetana: Bridging yield gaps with science-led interventions in Andhra Pradesh},
author = {Wani SP},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6643/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
organization = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Current productivity of agricultural crops in Andhra Pradesh is lower by two- to four-folds as compared to the achievable potential yields. Long term studies at ICRISAT based at Patancheru have demonstrated a virtuous cycle of persistent yield increases through improved management in rainfed agriculture. The present scenario clearly points to the need for adoption of science-led interventions to improve agricultural productivity and livelihoods to alleviate poverty, hunger and malnutrition in rainfed regions. In this context, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken up an innovative approach to adopt science-based development of agriculture and capacity strengthening of stakeholders with technical support from the ICRISAT-led consortium called ?Bhoochetana?, which will increase productivity of target crops by 25% in 5 years. The strategy is to map out nutrient deficiencies in the soils, develop mandal-wise balanced nutrient recommendations and conduct demonstrations/trials in a phased manner to scale out the technology to a large number of farmers in the state using improved cultivars and soil and water managemnet practices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {manual}
}

@techreport{dspace7315,
title = {Bhoochetana: Building resilience and livelihoods through integrated watershed management. Resilient Dryland Systems Report No. 62.},
author = {Wani SP and Sarvesh KV and Sahrawat KL and Krishnappa K and Dharmarajan BK and Raju KV and Mukherjee K and Dar WD},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7315/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
number = {Research Report No. 62},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
institution = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)},
abstract = {Rainfed areas are hotspots of poverty and malnutrition, and are prone to severe land degradation of natural resources. Globally, 80% of agriculture is rainfed providing 62% of the world?s staple food. With increasing population over the years, per capita availability and quality of land and water resources have declined substantially resulting to water scarcity. Agriculture is the major consumer of water, accounting for 70-80% of water withdrawal. With the impacts of climate change, existing water and land scarcity will be aggravated further. Producing food for the ever growing population to achieve food and nutrition security, and improving rural livelihoods are challenges to be met today as well as in the near future. Agriculture is the major contributor in the growth of the state of Karnataka, India and is still the mainstay for a large number of population in the state economy. However, trends are showing that the agriculture and allied sectors? contribution to Karnataka?s GDP was around 43% in 1980-1981 that came down to 26% in 2001-2002, which further came down to 16.8% in 2007-2008, remaining stagnant in 2009-2010. This declining contribution of agriculture in the state GDP was a big concern for the state government.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@techreport{dspace7010,
title = {Bhoochetana: Innovative institutional partnerships to boost productivity of rainfed agriculture in Karnataka, India (Research Report No. 59)},
author = {Raju KV and Wani SP and Anantha KH},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7010/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
number = {304-13},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh},
institution = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Although there has been a considerable development in public-private partnership in developing countries, there are very few examples of multi-institutional partnership for transferring agricultural technologies to smallholders. This paper discusses the example of innovative partnership in Karnataka, where the consortium of state and non-state actors helping to transform subsistence dryland agriculture into a sustainable business model through promoting pro-poor agricultural technologies for bridging the yield gaps. The paper demonstrated the usefulness of the partnership concept in guiding investments to support the development of agricultural technology and helping to halve the poverty. It also shows effective convergence of funds and various schemes of federal and state governments besides utilizing semi-skilled manpower as local extension agents. The paper concludes that with a strong partnership between global scientific organizations and state and nonstate actors can offer a route to equitable growth in developing countries. This approach has enabled scale-up of this program to neighboring two states of South India.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@manual{dspace6644,
title = {Bhoochetana: Mission to enhance productivity of rainfed crops in Karnataka (Revised)},
author = {Wani SP},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6644/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
organization = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Rainfed areas in India generate 60% of agriculture produce, 75% of pulses and more than 90% of sorghum, millet, and groundnut although these areas are the hot spots of poverty, water scarcity, droughts, land degradation, and low rainwater use efficiency. Rainfed agriculture productivity is even crucial for food security and economy of Karnataka as it has the second largest rainfed area in India.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {manual}
}

@manual{dspace7039,
title = {Bhoochetana: Process documentation - A program that helped farmers come out of low productivity and poor economic status},
author = {Wani SP and Khanwalkar S and Krishnappa K and Raju KV and Sarvesh KV},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7039/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
organization = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {To Kick start agricultural Growth rate for improving the livelihoods of 60% of population dependent on Agriculture, Government of Karnataka undertook a mission project to unlock the potential of rainfed Agriculture across the state with technical support from ICRISAT. The mission project referred as ?Bhoochetana? was launched in 2009 covering all the 30 districts to increase crop productivity by 20% in four years...},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {manual}
}

@article{dspace6907,
title = {Calibrating chlorophyll meter (Spad-502) reading by specific leaf area for estimating leaf nitrogen concentration in sweet sorghum},
author = {Uchino H and Watanabe T and Ramu Karri and Sahrawat KL and Marimuthu S and Wani SP and Ito O},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6907/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Plant Nutrition},
volume = {36},
number = {10},
pages = {1640--1646},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) is used to estimate nitrogen status of various crops. However, the relationship between SPAD readings and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has not been fully established. We examined the relationship between SPAD readings and LNC in sweet sorghum in a two-year study; and the effects of leaf thickness on the relationship was also examined. There was a significant relationship between the SPAD reading and LNC at each of two growth stages, but the correlation was weaker when the data for the two growth stages were pooled. This correlation improved when the specific leaf area was introduced as a second independent variable in the multiple regression analysis. This regression equation was applicable to not only different growth stages but also different seasons. The results suggest that the regression equation developed in this study can help in optimizing nitrogen fertilization for sweet sorghum production.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{dspace7045,
title = {Concepts and applications of aquacrop: The FAO crop water productivity model},
author = {Steduto P and Raes D and Hsiao TC and Fereres E and Heng LK and Howell TA and Evett SR and Rojas-Lara BA and Farahan HJ and Izzi G and Oweis TY and Wani SP and Hoogeveen J and Geerts S},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7045/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Crop Modeling and Decision Support},
pages = {175--191},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin Heidelberg},
abstract = {Predicting attainable yield under water-limiting conditions is an important goal in arid, semi-arid and drought-prone environments. To address this task, FAO has developed a model, AquaCrop, which simulates attainable yields of the major herbaceous crops in response to water. Compared to other models, AquaCrop has a significantly smaller number of parameters and attempts to strike a balance between simplicity, accuracy, and robustness. Root zone water content is simulated by keeping track of incoming and outgoing water fluxes. Instead of leaf area index, AquaCrop uses canopy ground cover. Canopy expansion, stomatal conductance, canopy senescence, and harvest index are the key physiological processes which respond to water stress. Low and high temperature stresses on pollination and harvestable yield are considered, as is cold temperature stress on biomass production. Evapotranspiration is simulated separately as crop transpiration and soil evaporation and the daily transpiration is used to calculate the biomass gain via the normalized biomass water productivity. The normalization is for atmospheric evaporative demand and carbon dioxide concentration, to make the model applicable to diverse locations and seasons, including future climate scenarios. AquaCrop accommodates fertility levels and water management systems, including rainfed, supplemental, deficit, and full irrigation. Simulations are routinely in thermal time, but can be carried out in calendar time. Future versions will incorporate salt balance and capillary raise. AquaCrop is aimed at users in extension services, consulting firms, governmental agencies, NGOs, farmers associations and irrigation districts, as well as economists and policy analysts in need of crop models for planning and assessing water needs and use of projects and regions.},
note = {The Authors would like to acknowledge: Arianna Facchi, V. Nageswara Rao, and Piara Singh, for their contribution of the soybean data for AquaCrop calibration; Magali Garcia, Roberto Miranda, Jorge A. Cusicanqui, Cristal Taboada, Richard Mamani, Jorge Mendoza, Ruben Huanca, and Teddious Mhizha for their contribution to the quinoa AquaCrop calibration and testing},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@article{dspace7093,
title = {Crop coefficients of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) using water balance approach},
author = {Garg KK and Wani SP and Rao AVRK},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7093/},
issn = {2041-840X},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment},
pages = {1-16},
publisher = {Wiley Blackwell},
abstract = {Jatropha and Pongamia are a potential source of biodiesel and grow in a wide range of agroclimatic zones and soil conditions. Data and knowledge available on water requirement of Jatropha and Pongamia are very scarce. Crop coefficients are important parameters used for assessing water requirement and irrigation scheduling. In the present study, crop coefficients of Jatropha and Pongamia were estimated using water balance approach. Temporal data on soil moisture at different depths in block plantations of Jatropha and Pongamia at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) farm, Patancheru in India, were collected at 15 days interval between 2007 and 2010. Measured soil moisture data were analyzed using one-dimensional water balance model. Results showed that annual water requirement of Jatropha is 750 mm and of Pongamia is about 950 mm in semi-arid tropics. Crop coefficients of Jatropha ranged from 0.10 to 0.95 and of Pongamia from 0.30 to 1.10 depending on plant growth stage in different months. ICRISAT received 820 mm of rainfall in a normal year (data between 2001 and 2010) during the monsoon, of which 52% (430 mm) contributed to evapotranspiration (ET), 34% (280 mm) was stored in soil, and 14% (110 mm) was lost through surface runoff. Stored soil moisture during monsoon season was subsequently utilized by the Jatropha and 270 mm converted into ET during nonmonsoonal period. Pongamia utilized stored soil moisture more effectively than Jatropha as it could remove water from deeper soil layers even at high levels of soil moisture suction.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace7977,
title = {Effect of land management and cropping systems on runoff, soil loss, soil water dynamics and crop yield in a vertisol of central India},
author = {Hati KM and Chaudhary RS and Mandal KG and Singh RK and Wani SP and Singh P and Pathak P},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7977/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Indian Sociely of Soii Science},
volume = {61},
number = {2},
pages = {79--88},
publisher = {Indian Sociely of Soii Science},
abstract = {Sustainable crop production under rainfed condition can be achieved by conservation of excess rainwater and its efficient recycling. The rainwater can be conserved ex-situ in natural or man-made water harvesting structures. In-situ conservation of rainwater can be achieved through various tillage and landform treatments. A field experiment was conducted for three years from 2003-04 to 2005-06 on a Vertisol (Typic Haplustert) in a mini-watershed at the research farm of the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal to study the effect of broad bed and furrow (BBF) and flat on grade (FOG) land management treatments on the runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate the productivity of five soybean and maize based sole and intercropping systems under the two land management treatments. The results showed that runoff and soil losses from BBF were lower by 24-32% and 31-55%, respectively, than that from the FOG treatment during the study period. Further, the BBF retained 14 to 23 mm higher soil water in 90 cm soil profile during the later phase of crop growth after the withdrawal of monsoon and produced higher crop yield than the FOG treatment. The total system productivity was found to be higher in maize than soybean based cropping systems in two out of three years of the study. The study provides an option for crop diversification from the present soybean-wheat system to maize-chickpea, soybean/maize-chickpea or maize/pigeon pea intercropping system for the Vertisols of central India},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace6374,
title = {Effects of nitrogen application on sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (L.) moench) in the semi-arid tropical zone of India},
author = {Uchino H and Watanabe T and Ramu Karri and Sahrawat KL and Marimuthu S and Wani SP and Ito O},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6374/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {JARQ - Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {65--73},
publisher = {Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences},
abstract = {Sweet sorghum is a multipurpose crop that has great potential as a bioethanol crop. To make an appreciable profit from cultivating sweet sorghum in the semi-arid tropics (SAT), such agronomic practices as nutrient management need to be standardized. The objective of this study is to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rates for maximizing the grain and sugar yields of sweet sorghum during the rainy season in the Indian SAT. During the 2009 and 2010 seasons, the response of sweet sorghum being grown in an Alfisol to the application of six N rates (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg N ha-1) was evaluated in Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. The chlorophyll content (SPAD reading), cane fresh weight, and grain dry weight increased significantly in line with higher N rates. The volume of juice also increased significantly, although sugar content (brix reading) did not change in line with higher N rates, consequently resulting in a significant increase in sugar yield as computed from the volume of juice and sugar content. There were smaller differences due to N application during the season when soil fertility was at a medium level under high air temperature. Net income, as estimated from cane fresh weight and grain dry weight, increased at rates up to 90 kg N ha-1, and higher N rates did not significantly affect productivity or income, but instead caused severe lodging in 150 kg N ha-1 at the harvest stage. Based on these results, an input of 90-120 kg N ha-1 could be recommended for maximizing sweet sorghum productivity and farmers? income in the SAT region of India.},
note = {We wish to thank Mr. K. Papa Rao, Mr. P. V. Satish, and Mr. M. Vishwanath of ICRISAT, and Mr. T. Naya of Hokkaido University's Crop Science Laboratory for their dedicated support.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@techreport{dspace6842,
title = {Efforts that brought happiness : Stories of change from the people},
author = {Khanwalkar S and Wani SP},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6842/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
number = {Resilient Dryland Systems Report No. 57},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
institution = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is implementing a project supported by Sir Dorabji Tata Trust (SDTT) for the last ten years in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and a project supported by Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT) in four districts of Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand for improving livelihoods of small and marginal farmers through sustainable management of natural resources. ICRISAT has adopted consortium approach in partnership with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and Government line departments in the respective states. The project interventions have piloted science-led farmer-centric integrated watershed management for enhancing natural resource use efficiency for crop production. Based on the various interventions for improved management of land, water and crops, the consortium team identified the success stories from different districts covering various activities such as balanced nutrient management, farmer participatory selection of improved varieties, enhancing water-use efficiency, using improved landform treatments, minimizing rainy season fallows, income-generating activities like goat rearing, vermicomposting and improved livestock breed rearing including vegetable farming which can be shared with other areas for benefiting the farmers. This compendium of success stories is based on the detailed interviews with the farmers, collecting required information through targeted visits and interacting with the community in the districts, their capacity enhancement and the continuity of the technology. The analysis is based on factual data from the users and other views. The success stories clearly revealed that crop productivity significantly improved with improved management and also resulted in increased family incomes through use of intensification of the systems with balanced nutrient management, water management, improved seeds of high-yielding short-duration cultivars and crop diversification; microenterprises benefiting women, self-help groups and individuals also enhanced the family incomes and empowered women in the project areas. This compendium comprises many success stories from districts of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@article{doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000736,
title = {Estimation and analysis of return flows: Case study},
author = {Venkateswara Rao B and Varalakshmi Vajja and Nune Rajesh and Gaur A},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000736},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000736},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hydrologic Engineering},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {1282-1288},
abstract = {Return flows from irrigation form an important component in the overall management of water in a basin. The Nagarjunasagar irrigation project is one of the biggest irrigation projects in India. At the Nagarjunasagar project formulation stage, the return flows were assumed to be 7.5% of the total water drawn into the command area (area irrigated under the canal), which could be approximately 538.08×106  m3. This paper aims to calculate the return flows from the Nagarjunasagar canal command areas. At present, the calculations are made during the period 1982–2004 by using multiple linear regression analysis. Return flows form 15% of the total releases from the canals for the whole study period. During wet, normal, and dry periods, return flows are 29, 20, and 10%, respectively. Similarly, they are 29 and 18% during the kharif (June–October) and rabi (October–February) seasons, respectively.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace6203,
title = {Extractable soil nutrient effects on feed quality traits of crop residues in the semiarid rainfed mixed crop? Livestock farming systems of Southern India},
author = {Haileslassie A and Blummel M and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL and Pardhasaradhi G and Samireddypalle A},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6203/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Environment, Development and Sustainability},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {723--741},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
abstract = {In the mixed crop?livestock systems, while general relation among feed quality, productivity and soil nutrient management have been reported, information on the effects of extractable soil nutrients on crop residue (CR) feed quality traits is scarce (e.g. in semiarid regions of Karnataka, India). In view of the increasingly important role of CR as feed components, in these farming systems, generating such information is a relevant research issue for sustainable development. Here, we report the occurrence and strength of relationships among extractable nutrients in soils and CR feed quality traits, and the effects of improved nutrients input on feed availability and feed quality of CR. Soil samples were collected from farmers? fields in the semiarid zone of Karnataka and analyzed for available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using standard laboratory methods. Soil test results were clustered as low, medium or high based on the level of nutrient concentration. Four major farming systems involving nine crops and 419 farms were selected for on-farm trials. Under every sample farm, a plot with farmer?s practice (control) and improved fertilizer inputs (combined application of nutrients found deficient by soil testing) were laid. Performance of crops was recorded. Samples were collected for CR feed quality trait analysis using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. The result showed that for cereal and oil crops, extractable soil S was significantly negatively associated with anti-feed quality traits such as neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) (P ensuremath< 0.01), but significantly positively related to metabolizable energy (ME) and in vitro digestibility (P ensuremath< 0.01). Extractable B and K levels were associated positively and significantly with NDF, ADF and ADL for oil crops and cereals. Crop level associations, for most crops, showed similar trend. Improved fertilizer inputs affected CR yield much more than it did the quality. It increased ME productivity (ME ha?1) and thereof the potential milk yield ha?1 by as high as 40 % over the control. Therefore, balanced nutrient inputs on crop land positively impact productivity of the livestock compartment of mixed crop?livestock farming system, and this knowledge can build on the currently perceived need and benefits of balanced nutrient replenishment in crop?livestock system.},
note = {The authors are grateful to Reddy Ramakrishna, Ravi Devulapalli, Prasad KVSV, and Mohammed Irshad Ahmad for their invaluable support in data generation. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and through review of the draft version of this paper.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@inproceedings{dspace7009,
title = {Government of Karnataka - ICRISAT initiatives: Review and planning workshop proceedings},
author = {Wani SP and Anantha KH},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7009/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Government of Karnataka- ICRISAT Initiatives: Review and Planning Workshop Proceedings},
pages = {1--231},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}

@article{dspace6925,
title = {Heavy metals concentration in soils under rainfed agro-ecosystems and their relationship with soil properties and management practices},
author = {Srinivasarao CH and Gayatri SR and Venkateswarlu B and Jakkula VS and Wani SP and Kundu S and Sahrawat KL and Rajasekha Rao BK and Marimuthu S and Gopala Krishna G},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6925/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology},
pages = {1--14},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
abstract = {Heavy metals are governed by parent material of soils and influenced by the soil physicochemical properties and soil and crop management practices. This paper evaluates total heavy metal concentrations in rainfed soils under diverse management practices of tropical India. Vertisols (clayey soils with high shrink/swell capacity) had the highest concentrations of heavy metals. However, chromium (Cr) content was above the threshold value in Aridisol [calcium carbonate (CaCO3)]-containing soils of the arid environments with subsurface horizon development. Concentration increased at lower depths (ensuremath>30 cm). Basaltic soils showed higher concentrations of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). Cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Cu and Mn concentrations were higher in soils cultivated to cotton, whereas Cr concentration was above the threshold level of 110 mg kg?1 in food crop cultivated soils. As the specific soil surface is closely related to clay content and clay type, soil?s ability to retain heavy metals is more closely tied to the specific surface than to the soil cation exchange capacity. Higher positive correlations were found between heavy metal concentrations and clay content [Cd(r = 0.85; p $łeq$ 0.01); Co (r = 0.88; p $łeq$ 0.05); Ni (r = 0.87; p $łeq$ 0.01); Co (r = 0.81; p $łeq$ 0.05); Zn (r = 0.49; p $łeq$ 0.01); Cr (r = 0.80; p $łeq$ 0.05); Mn (r = 0.79; p $łeq$ 0.01)]. The amounts of nitrogen?phosphorus?potassium applied showed a positive correlation with Co and Ni (r = 0.62; p $łeq$ 0.05). As several soils used for growing food crops are high in Ni, Cr and Mn, the flow of these metals in soil?plant?livestock/human chain needs further attention.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace6361,
title = {Hydrological behavior of Alfisols and Vertisols in the semi-arid zone: Implications for soil and water management},
author = {Pathak P and Sudi R and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6361/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Agricultural Water Management},
volume = {118},
pages = {12--21},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Understanding of the hydrological behavior of soils is a prerequisite for developing appropriate soil and water management practices. Such information for Alfisols and Vertisols, the two major soils in the semi-arid tropics (SATs), is scanty especially from a long-term perspective. In this paper, we describe and discuss results from long-term (from 1976 to 2010) hydrological studies conducted on small agricultural watersheds on Vertisols and Alfisols at the ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. The hydrological behavior of soils are characterized in terms of runoff volume, peak runoff rate, number of runoff events, soil loss, sediment concentration and deep drainage loss under different rainfall, crop cover and soil moisture conditions to aid in developing effective soil and water management practices. We also provide details on the effects of annual and monthly rainfall on the hydrological behavior of these soils in different rainfall regions. The results show that Alfisols and Vertisols in the SATs have very contrasting hydrological behavior. Several findings emerging from our studies, are rather unexpected. For example, the sandy Alfisols with higher saturated hydrological conductivity generated higher runoff compared to the clayey Vertisols with extremely low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The undesirable early season runoff from Alfisols is higher than from Vertisols. The contribution of 1?2 big storms to annual runoff and soil loss was high on both soils. The contrasting hydrological behavior of these two soils is due to differences in soil characteristics such as crusting, sealing and low structural stability in Alfisols; and the presence of cracks during the early season and formation of micro-cracks during rainless periods in Vertisols. The results suggest that the information from the long-term hydrological studies is useful for determining appropriate soil and water management practices and strategies in different rainfall regions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@techreport{dspace7308,
title = {Hydrological consequences of cultivating Jatropha crop in degradable waste lands of India and ecosystem trade-offs at watershed scale},
author = {Wani SP and Garg KK and Patil MD},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7308/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
publisher = {European Commission},
address = {Luxembourg},
institution = {University of Twente},
abstract = {Biofuel production from feedstocks grown on wastelands is considered as a means to address concerns about climate change and improve energy security while at the same time provide an additional source of income for improving livelihood. The establishment of biomass plantations on wastelands is likely to affect local livelihoods and surrounding ecosystems by influencing hydrologic flows and processes such as erosion. We analyzed the technical feasibility for cultivating Jatropha on degraded waste lands in India using a water balance approach. More specifically, an assessment was made for a wasteland located in the Velchal watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India, which recently was converted to a biofuel plantation with Jatropha. The previous land-use, in this case grazing, could continue in the Jatropha plantations. Several desirable effects occurred as a result of the land-use conversion: non-productive soil evaporation was reduced as a larger share of the precipitation was channeled to productive plant transpiration and groundwater recharge, and at the same time a more stable (less erosive) runoff resulted in reduced soil erosion and improved downstream water conditions. A win-win situation between improved land productivity and soil carbon content was observed for the Jatropha plantations. Results did not show a negative impact on the blue water generation after introducing Jatropha on waste lands. Using parameterized and validated hydrological model ?Soil and Water Assessment Tool? we assumed the impact of Jatropha cultivation on 13.4 million ha of wastelands (15% of the total wasteland area) in seven states of India. The analysis shows that 22 million tons of Jatropha seed could be produced from Jatropha cultivable waste lands in India. In addition, Jatropha plantations on waste lands would not create negative impact on downstream water availability and ecosystem services.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@techreport{dspace6843,
title = {Improved crop productivity and rural livelihoods through balanced nutrition in the rainfed semi-arid tropics},
author = {Wani SP and Chander G and Sahrawat KL and Dixit S and Venkateswarlu B},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6843/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
number = {Resilient Dryland Systems Report no. 58.},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
institution = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Diagnostic soil analysis in targeted clusters of eight districts in Andhra Pradesh revealed critical deficiencies of sulphur (61 to 98%), boron (23 to 98%) and zinc (45 to 85%) in addition to that of soil carbon (25 to 97%), and phosphorus (14 to 84%) which are apparently holding back the productivity potential. The soil test based application of sulphur, boron and zinc together increased productivity by 8 to 102% in cotton, groundnut, castor, sorghum, greengram, cowpea, chickpea and maize. Economic assessment reveal that per rupee invested as additional cost (` 1,400/- to ` 2,150/-) gave ` 1.6 to 28.5 in return. Residual benefits of balanced nutrition were observed during 4 succeeding seasons. Soil health improved in balanced nutrition plots, inspite of higher yields and nutrient removal. The results showed that balanced nutrition is the way forward to increase crop productivity through resilience building of production systems and improve farm based livelihoods in the SAT regions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@techreport{dspace7234,
title = {Improved livelihoods and water productivity through integrated watershed management ? A case study from China},
author = {Wani SP and Sreedevi TK and Sudi R and Reddy V and Dixin Y and Li Z},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7234/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
number = {Resilient Dryland Systems Report No. 61},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
institution = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {ICRISAT in partnership with Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), and Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS) implemented two benchmark watersheds namely Lucheba Watershed at Guizhou and Xiaoxincun watershed in Yunnan provinces for the ADBICRISAT project on ?Improving Management of Natural Resources with Sustainable Rainfed Agriculture? during 2003-2006. Both the watersheds in China had vast untapped potential for enhancing agricultural productivity, however due to low adoption of improved management practices and lack of knowledge to the farmers, the yields till 2002 were low and natural resources like soil and water were prone to severe degradation. Through participatory management, the consortium embarked on implementing integrated watershed management program (IWMP) through improved rainwater management and harvesting, improved soil, crop and pest management options as well as income-generating microenterprises for the community members. The Lucheba benchmark watershed with 1284 mm amount of rainfall annually undertook two drinking water schemes for the villagers as an entry point activity by bringing spring water from hills by pipe to the village. Construction of 151 rainwater harvesting structures cum irrigation water storage tanks, plantation of 133,600 trees on 100 ha wasteland, construction of approach road and crop diversification with high-value vegetable crops in the watershed were undertaken by the community through IWMP. As a result, the family income in Lucheba watershed increased to US$ 2582 in 2007 against the baseline of US$ 973 per annum in 2002. In both the watersheds, empowerment of women was evident with improved livelihoods and incomes which they could spend. The IWMP interventions resulted in enhancing rainwater use efficiency along with the net incomes in Xiaoxincun watershed also. The vegetable growers association and the farmers groups in both the watersheds effectively implemented the watershed activities and successfully protected the natural resources by reducing the erosion using the biogas production from the pig excreta, avoiding cutting the trees for cooking, controlling soil erosion, enhancing water use efficiency and diversifying the crops and livelihood options.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

@article{dspace6953,
title = {Increased arid and semi-arid areas in India with associated shifts during 1971-2004},
author = {Rao AVRK and Wani SP and Singh KK and Ahmed MI and Srinivas K and Bairagi SD and Ramadevi O},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6953/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Agrometeorology},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {11--18},
publisher = {Association of Agrometeorologists},
abstract = {Climate change is one of the major challenges in 21st century faced by Agriculture in India, more so in the Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT) of the country. In recent years, natural and anthropogenic factors have impacted climate variability and contributed to a large extent to climate change. Based on one degree gridded data of India Meteorological Department (IMD) for 34 years (1971-2004), climatic water balances are computed for 351 pixels in India and used for classifying in to six climate types following Thornthwaite?s moisture regime classification and areas falling under different climatic zones in India are delineated. Considerable changes in the country?s climate area observed between the two periods; 1971-90 and 1991-2004. Increased semi-arid area by 8.45 M ha in five states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Punjab, and decreased semi-arid area by 5 M ha in eleven states, contributed to overall increase in SAT area of 3.45 M ha in the country.Overall, there has been a net reduction of 10.71 M ha in the dry sub-humid area in the country. Results indicated that dryness and wetness are increasing in different parts of the country in the place of moderate climates existing earlier in these regions. ICRISAT?s Hypothesis of Hope through Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management (IGNRM) using climate ready crops and Integrated Watershed Management could be a potential adaptation strategy by bridging the yield gaps for developing climate resilient agriculture in the country.},
note = {Research results of this paper are a part of the ICRISAT-NICRA project and financial support provided by the NICRA, ICAR is gratefully acknowledged.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace7155,
title = {Integrated plant genetic and balanced nutrient management enhances crop and water productivity of rainfed production systems in Rajasthan, India},
author = {Chander G and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL and Pal CK and Mathur TP},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7155/},
issn = {0010-3624},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis},
pages = {1--18},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {Analysis of soils from 421 farmers' fields in eastern districts of Rajasthan, India revealed widespread deficiencies of sulfur (S; 43 to 87% fields deficient), boron (B; 25 to 100%), zinc (Zn; 0 to 94%) in addition to phosphorus (P; 10 to 73%) and soil organic carbon (1 to 84%). Integrated approach of application of deficient sulphur, boron and zinc along with nitrogen and phosphorus to high yielding crop cultivars increased yield over farmers' practice of nitrogen and phosphorus application to local cultivars by 92 to 204% in maize, 115 to 167% in pearl millet and 150% in groundnut. Benefit to cost ratio of the integrated strategy varied from 3.33 to 8.03 in maize, 2.92 to 3.40 in pearl millet and 1.15 in groundnut. Integrated approach effectively utilized scarce water in food production and increased rainwater use efficiency at 67 to 145 kg mm?1 ha?1 from 21 to 50 kg mm?1 ha?1 under farmers' practice.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace7062,
title = {Inter-row tillage for improved soil and water conservation and crop yields on crusted Alfisols},
author = {Pathak P and Wani SP and Sudi R and Budama N},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7062/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Agricultural Sciences},
volume = {4},
number = {8A},
pages = {36--45},
publisher = {Science Research},
abstract = {In the semi-arid tropics (SAT),33% area are occupied by Alfisols and related soils. In SAT these soils have low structural stability and thereby tend to form seal and crusts at the surface. Due to this a large proportion of the rain that falls on Alfisols during the early part of the rainy season,is normally lost as runoff thus causing high soil loss as well as moisture stress to crops. Two tillage studies were conducted first at plot scale (320 m2) during 1991-95 and second at small watershed scale (1.45 ha) during 2007-10,at ICRISAT research station,Hyderabad,India. These studies were conducted to find out whether the problem of excessive runoff and soil loss during the early part of the rainy season can be controlled by various inter-row tillage systems in addition to normal intercultivation by breaking the crust or seal and thereby improving infiltration and soil moisture and reducing runoff and soil loss. The observations on rainfall,runoff,soil moisture,soil loss,soil surface roughness and crop yields were collected from both the studies. Results from these studies have shown that inter-row tillage in addition to normal intercultivation is found effective in controlling early season runoff and soil loss and increasing crop yields. The additional tillage systems are found most effective during low and medium rainfall years and not so much during high rainfall years. The additional tillage with shoe cultivators,which creates rough soil surface (11 mm depression storage),is found most effective in increasing crop yields and reducing runoff and soil loss. The additional tillage with blade harrow which generates smooth soil surface is relatively less effective. In most rainfall conditions,the normal intercultivation with one additional tillage is found adequate for controlling early season runoff and improving soil moisture and crop yields.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{dspace7070,
title = {Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.)},
author = {Wani SP},
editor = {B P Singh},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7070/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Biofuel Crops: Production, Physiology and Genetics},
pages = {312--338},
publisher = {CABI},
address = {Nosworthy Way},
abstract = {The claim of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) being a wonder plant is based on its perceived ability to grow successfully in semi-arid environmental conditions and on degraded soils. This chapter describes the (i) plant root traits and their significance for drought tolerance; (ii) jatropha plantations' impact on hydrological processes (water balance, sediment transport and soil loss) and soil and environmental quality (carbon and nutrient sequestration and soil biology in the plant rhizosphere); (iii) cultivation including vegetative propagation, application of fertilizers and growth regulators, pruning, insect pests and diseases, intercropping, and seed yield; and (iv) genetic improvement involving assessment of variability in jatropha accessions using molecular markers. The factors controlling up-scaling of jatropha cultivation are also discussed.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@article{dspace7292,
title = {Managing soil fertility constraints in market-led shift to high value agriculture for benefiting smallholders in the semi-arid tropics},
author = {Chander G and Wani SP and Maheshwer DL and Hemalatha P and Sahrawat KL and Krishnappa K and Sawargaonkar GL and Anantha KH and Sudi R and Jangawad LS and Srinivasa Rao CH and Pardhasaradhi G and Jat RA},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7292/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of SAT Agricultural Research},
volume = {11},
pages = {1--11},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Low productivity and cultivation of low value crops in the Indian semi-arid tropics (SAT) is the main cause for poor farm-based livelihoods. Poverty leading to low risktaking ability of farmers and production related constraints like widespread multi-nutrient deficiencies are major stumbling blocks for shifting to high value agriculture. Realizing the need to support povertyentrapped smallholders to connect to markets, the government of Karnataka state in India supported market-led shift to high value agriculture through a consortium of technical institutions and convergence of agricultural schemes. New widespread deficiencies of secondary and micronutrients like sulfur (52% farms), zinc (55%) and boron (62%) along with earlier known deficiencies of nitrogen (52%) and phosphorus (41%) were identified as main constraints for realizing productivity potential and a threat for sustainability. Policy supported initiative during 2011/12 showed more economic returns with diversified high value crops and strengthened 0.23 million smallholders. On-farm evaluations of soil test-based nutrient balancing to tomato, okra, brinjal, chilies, onion, cabbage and beans increased productivity by 5 to 58% over the farmers? practice of adding macronutrients only. Small additional cost (` 770 to 1520 per ha) of balanced nutrition significantly increased additional benefits (` 5300 to 74,000 per ha) with fairly high cost-benefit ratio (1:4 to 1:82). Substantial returns enhanced risk-taking ability of smallholders to manage productivity constraints in future by themselves. Results showed that initial little investments in science and market-led social assistance programs should be a way forward for mainstreaming poverty-entrapped smallholders in other parts of SAT.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{dspace6656,
title = {Moisture stress assessment through NDVI and climate tools for crop management at Anantpur district, AP},
author = {Rao AVRK and Nageswara Rao DVK and Wani SP and Minhas PS and Ahmed MI and Madhukar G},
editor = {S K Soam and P D Sreekant and N H Rao},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6656/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Geospatial Technologies for Natural Resources Management},
pages = {363--374},
publisher = {New India Publishing Agency},
address = {New Delhi, India},
abstract = {Anantapur is the driest district of Andhra Pradesh and hence, agriculture conditions are very often precarious. Groundnut grows where other crops fail and thus it is the predominant crop of Anantapur district. Groundnut is grown in about 7.5 lakh ha in Anantapur district; however the average yields are low af 500 kg ha-1. Among various available vegetation indices, normalised difference vegetation index (ND VI) is widely used for all reasons, which is a single numerical indicator of presence and condition of green vegetation. ND VI mapping at a regional scale helps to assess the spatial changes in the vigour of green vegetation and thus occurrence of any moisture stress. Climate tOQls have a great role in understanding the crop performance and estimating the yields. This study was taken up by using freely available MODIS data to understand ND VI in terms of abiotic stresses over Anantapur district and linking with the actual rainfall conditions, groundnut crop acreage and production. Results indicate that low groundnut yields in general,could be related to ND VI-based stress measurements and rainfall quantum and distribution in the area however, with a few exceptions. It is hoped that by combining improved practices through IWM with climate-adapted crop varieties, rainfed farmers of Anantapur district can sustain their crop production under present climate variability and become resilient to future climate change},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@article{dspace7451,
title = {Molybdenum status and critical limit in the soil for green gram (Vigna radiata) growing in Madurai and Sivagangai districts of Tamil Nadu, India},
author = {Velmurugan R and Mahendran PP and Wani SP and Uttam K and Prabhavathi M},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7451/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Soil Science and Plant Nutrition},
volume = {59},
number = {2},
pages = {229--236},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {A survey was undertaken during 2008 to determine molybdenum (Mo) status of soils and to establish critical limits in soils of Madurai and Sivagangai districts of Tamil Nadu. A total of 202 surface soil samples were collected from 16 soil series of the study areas based on their percent coverage. The samples were analyzed for extractable or available Mo. Extractable Mo varied from 0.028 to 0.661 mg kg?1 and 0.035 to 0.961 mg kg?1 at Madurai and Sivagangai districts, respectively. Based on the results of a pot culture experiment, the critical limit of available Mo was determined to be 0.043 mg kg?1 for green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (Var; CO 6) in both the districts. Based on this critical limit, we classified the soils into three categories: (1) low: ensuremath<0.043 mg kg?1 (2) medium: 0.043?0.082 mg kg?1 (3) high: ensuremath>0.082 mg kg?1. Green gram responded highly to Mo application in soils below the critical limit whereas soils with Mo greater than 0.082 mg kg?1 did not respond. Among rates of Mo application, 0.075 mg kg?1 showed better yield than others. Overall, 3?41% and 7?46% of total area in Madurai and Sivagangai districts were in the low to medium Mo status, respectively. The application of 0.075 mg of Mo kg?1 or 0.4 kg ha?1 as sodium molybdate was sufficient to optimize green gram yield in the major soil series of the districts. These results will be useful in decision-making to apply Mo for improving green gram yields in the two districts studied.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace6498,
title = {Multiple impact of integrated watershed management in low rainfall semi-arid region: A case study from Eastern Rajasthan, India},
author = {Pathak P and Chourasia AK and Wani SP and Sudi R},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6498/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {27--36},
publisher = {Scientific Research},
abstract = {The agriculture in low rainfall areas of eastern Rajasthan, India is characterized by high risks from drought, degraded natural resources and pervasive poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. In this region, water is the main limiting factor for upgrading rainfed agriculture. For such areas integrated watershed management is recognized as a potential approach for agriculture growth and rehabilitation of fragile and degraded lands. At Gokulpura-Goverdhanpura village in Bundi eastern Rajasthan, India an integrated watershed project was implemented using the holistic systems approach. This paper discusses the impacts of this watershed program on bio-physical, socio-economic, environmental and ecological parameters. Results indicate that due to watershed interventions the groundwater availability has substantially increased which brought changes in cropping patterns with high value crops. Significant increases in irrigated area, cropping intensity along with diversification of crops from traditional to commercial cash crops were recorded. The watershed program also significantly improved the socio-economic status of the watershed community. It has increased the income and reduced poverty of the people in the watershed. The watershed interventions generated good employment opportunities and significantly reduced the migration of both skilled and unskilled labor from the watershed village to urban areas. It has also improved the environmental quality and ecological status in the watershed. The watershed interventions increased the vegetative index or greenery, reduced runoff, soil loss, and land degradations and improved the bio-diversity in fragile ecosystems. Overall, the integrated watershed program at Gokulpura-Goverdhanpura provided resilience by ensuring continued and sustainable multiple outputs, besides soil and water conservation and other positive environmental effects.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace6853,
title = {Nitrogen response and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum cultivars},
author = {Sawargaonkar GL and Patil MD and Wani SP and Pavani E and Reddy BVS and Marimuthu S},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6853/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Field Crops Research},
volume = {149},
pages = {245--251},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a biofuel crop, which can be grown under tropical rainfed conditions without sacrificing food and fodder security. Three sweet sorghum cultivars (CSH 22 SS, NTJ 2 and ICSV 93046) with two row spacings (60 and 45 cm) and six nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha?1) were grown on Vertisols during three post rainy (November to April) seasons at the ICRISAT center farm in Patancheru, India. The results showed that the row spacings (60 or 45 cm) had no influence on performance of the cultivars. Sweet sorghum hybrid CSH 22 SS produced the highest green stalk yield (45.4 Mg ha?1) and grain yield (2.33 Mg ha?1) compared to NTJ 2 (32.66 Mg ha?1 and 1.70 Mg ha?1) and ICSV 93046 (38.44 Mg ha?1 and 2.03 Mg ha?1). Net economic return from CSH 22 SS (US$ 681 ha?1) was also significantly higher than that from NTJ 2 (US$ 415 ha?1) and ICSV 93046 (US$ 539 ha?1). All cultivars responded to applied N up to 150 kg ha?1; however beyond 90 kg ha?1 N rate, the increase in yield was insignificant. Estimated N use efficiency (NUE) values indicated that 90 kg N ha?1 was an optimum N level for sweet sorghum crop. Simulated soil water balance components revealed that reduction in total transpiration due to water stress was 20 to 45% compared to the no-stress. In case of water use efficiency, CSH 22 SS showed the highest economic returns per unit volume of water input. Based on these results, it is concluded that sweet sorghum hybrid CSH 22 SS at 90 kg N ha?1 is the best remunerative combination for maximizing yield, economic returns and resource use efficiency.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{dspace6208,
title = {Nutrient deficiencies and their management in soils of the semi-arid tropical regions},
author = {Sahrawat KL and Wani SP},
editor = {T Bhattacharyya and D K Pal and D Sarkar and S P Wani},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6208/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Climate Change and Agriculture},
pages = {73--89},
publisher = {Stadium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.},
address = {New Delhi},
abstract = {In the semi-arid tropics (SAT) regions, the loss of soil, organic matter, and nutrients are of great concern. Nutrient imbalance in the case of major plant nutrients has been reported for a long period of time as a result of decline in soil organic carbon status in the rainfed areas of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In India, the results of analysis of a large number of soil samples collected from farmers fields in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, showed that the samples were low in organic carbon, low to medium in available phosphorous (P), medium to high in potassium (K), low in sulphur (S), boron (B) and Zinc (Zn).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@incollection{dspace7427,
title = {Production technologies for enhancing sweet sorghum yields},
author = {Wani SP and Sawargaonkar SL and Pavani E and Rao SS and Sharma HC},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7427/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Developing a Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Value Chain},
pages = {45--62},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
abstract = {Adoption of good crop and soil management practices are important for maximum productivity and to make the system sustainable in the long run. This chapter describes the cultivars and good cultural practices that are to be followed to raise successful crops in farmers? fields thereby achieving higher yields},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@incollection{dspace6207,
title = {Rain-fed agriculture, area and extent},
author = {Bhattacharyya T and Pal DK and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL},
editor = {T Bhattacharyya and D K Pal and D Sarkar and S P Wani},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6207/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Climate Change and Agriculture},
pages = {1--18},
publisher = {Stadium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.},
address = {New Delhi},
abstract = {Rainfed areas, although vary from region to region, are important in terms of agriculture since most of the poor communities live in these areas. Rainfed agriculture (RFA) is fragile due to climatic vagaries. More than 90 per cent area comes uner RFA in the sub-Saharan Africa; the corresponding figures are 90 per cent, 60 per cent and 75 per cent for Latin America, South-Asia, East-Asia and Near-East North Africa, respectively...},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@article{Sandeep2013,
title = {Soil potassium fractions in rice-wheat cropping system after twelve years of lantana residue incorporation in a Northwest Himalayan Acid Alfisol},
author = {Sharma Sandeep and Chander Girish and Verma TS and Verma Sudhir},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2013.815202
http://oar.icrisat.org/7154/},
doi = {10.1080/01904167.2013.815202},
issn = {0190-4167},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Plant Nutrition},
volume = {36},
number = {12},
pages = {1809-1820},
abstract = {A long-term field experiment with rice-wheat cropping was started in the wet season of 1988 with four levels of lantana (Lantana camara L.) (0, 10, 20, and 30 Mg ha−1 on fresh weight basis) and three tillage practices (No puddling, puddling, and soil compaction). From wet season of 1997, however, three tillage practices were replaced with three levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) to rice (33, 66, and 100% of recommended) and 66% of recommended N, phosphorus (P), and K to wheat. Phosphorus was totally omitted for the rice crop. The recommended N and K for rice was 90 and 40 kg ha−1, whereas the recommendations for N, P, and K for wheat were 120, 90 and 30 kg ha−1. Organic amendments are known to improve soil productivity under rice-wheat cropping by improving physical conditions and nutrient status of the soil, but their availability is restricted. There is a need to identify locally available and cost-effective organic materials that have minimal alternate uses as fodder and fuel. We evaluated Lantana camara L. residues, a fast-growing weed in nearby wastelands, as a potential soil organic amendment. Among the different fractions of K, nonexchangeable K was dominant followed by exchangeable and water soluble K. The incorporation of lantana (10 to 30 Mg ha−1) over the last 12 years has resulted in a significant build-up of all the K fractions, the maximum being in water-soluble K (10 to 32%) followed by exchangeable K (18 to 27%) and least in nonexchangeable K (5 to 7%) over no lantana incorporation. The increasing levels of these two inputs significantly and consistently increased ammonium acetate (NH4OAc)- extracted K (available K) content in soil and also resulted in significantly higher accumulation of K by the crops during the years of experimentation. Among different K fractions, exchangeable K was observed to be the most important K fraction contributing towards wheat and rice yields as well as K accumulation by wheat and rice. Stepwise multiple regression equations indicated that exchangeable K was the most important variable contributing towards total variation in grain yield and K accumulation by wheat or rice.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@inproceedings{dspace6894,
title = {Soil test based balanced nutrient management for sustainable intensification and food security: Case from indian semi-arid tropics},
author = {Chander G and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL and Pardhasaradhi G and Rajesh C and Kamdi PJ and Pal CK and Rao PVN},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6894/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {13th International Symposium for Soil Plant Analysis},
pages = {1--2},
abstract = {In the semi-arid tropics (SAT), There exist large yield gaps(2 to 4 fold) between current farmers?yields and achievable ones. Apart from water shortages, soil degradation is primarily responsible for existing along with inefficient utilization of existing water that is available.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}

@article{dspace6669,
title = {Soil testing as a tool for on-farm fertility management: Experience from the semi-arid zone of India},
author = {Sahrawat KL and Wani SP},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6669/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis},
volume = {44},
number = {6},
pages = {1011--1032},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {Rainfed agriculture in the dry regions is affected by water shortages. Our earlier research showed that the deficiencies not only of major nutrients but also those of sulfur (S) and micronutrients are holding back the potential of agricultural production systems. The objectives of this article are to discuss the efficacy of soil testing to diagnose nutrient deficiencies using 28,270 diverse soil samples collected from farmers' fields in the semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions of India and to confirm the efficacy of the soil test-based balanced nutrient management in enhancing productivity of a range of crops in on-farm farmer participatory trials under rainfed conditions. Results of a large numbers of on-farm trials demonstrated that soil testing is indeed an effective tool for on-farm fertility management, a prerequisite for sustainably enhancing the productivity in rainfed areas in the SAT regions of India. The need to strengthen the soil-testing infrastructure in the country is emphasized.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{dspace7369,
title = {Sweet sorghum bagasse? A source of organic manure},
author = {Sawargaonkar GL and Wani SP and Pavani M and Ravinder Reddy CH},
editor = {B V S Reddy and A Ashok Kumar and Ch Ravinder Reddy and P P Rao and J V Patil},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7369/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Developing a Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Value Chain},
pages = {155--162},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
abstract = {Bagasse or silage is an important by-product in the sweet sorghum-based ethanol industry. Above ground biomass distribution in sweet sorghum forms 90% of the total biomass produced and that includes stem, leaves and panicle with grain. It is estimated that bagasse makes 30% of the total biomass of sweet sorghum, which is composed of cellulose (15-25%), hemi cellulose (35- 50%) and lignin (20-30%) with Net Calorific value: 4,125 Kcal kg-1 (ash free); depending on the genotypes (Grassi 2001). Approximate composition of sweet sorghum bagasse is given in Table 1. It is estimated that 6-7 kg of bagasse will be produced for every liter of ethanol produced from sweet sorghum. Even though bagasse has multiple uses such as being a source for energy cogeneration, animal feed and organic manure, it is important to work out the trade-offs between its uses as a source of bio-fuel and carbon balance in the whole production-to-consumption chain. In this context, recycling of bagasse into organic manure and using it in the crop husbandry is an environmentally safe measure of sequestering carbon in the soil. Sweet sorghum is promoted in the semi-arid regions where organic carbon content in the soil is generally low and the application of bagasse as organic manure assumes great importance for sustaining the soil fertility. The direct application of bagasse to the soil causes temporary lock up (immobilization) of soil nitrogen (N) due to wider C: N (textttchar12635:1) ratio and hence, it is important to bring down the C: N ratio by vermicomposting to use it as organic manure. Composting is the value addition method for enriching organic residues with low N content and this can be done either through microbial flora or along with earthworms. Generally, composting of organic residues with earthworms is referred to as vermicomposting, which is a rapid and simple method. The composition of vermicompost is superior in terms of macro and micro nutrients; besides, it is rich in plant growth promoting substances. The composting of sweet sorghum bagasse with earthworms is focused in the project and protocol was standardized for the same through laboratory and on farm trials.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@article{dspace6094,
title = {Up-scaling potential impacts on water flows from agricultural water interventions: opportunities and trade-offs in the Osman Sagar catchment, Musi sub-basin, India},
author = {Garg KK and Wani SP and Barron J and Karlberg L and Rockstrom J},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6094/},
issn = {0885-6087},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
volume = {27},
number = {26},
pages = {3905--3921},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons},
abstract = {Agricultural water management (AWM) has been shown to improve and secure yields in the tropics and has been suggested as an important way to combat poverty in the region. In this paper we describe potential impacts on upstream and downstream flows of extensive AWM interventions, using the watershed development programme of the Osman Sagar catchment of Musi sub-basin, Andhra Pradesh semi-arid India, as an example. Various AWM interventions are compared with a non-intervention state and the current state of the study area, using 31- years of data by application of the calibrated and validated ARCSWAT 2005 (Version 2.1.4a) modelling tool. Different AWM interventions contribute to improved livelihoods of upstream smallholder farmers by increasing soil moisture availability and groundwater recharge, which can subsequently be used for irrigation. The result is higher crop production and hence larger incomes. Moreover, lower flow intensities and sediment losses reduced by 30-50 %, reduce the risk of flooding and sediment accumulation in the Osman Sagar drinking water reservoir. On the other hand, AWM interventions are predicted to result in reduced total water inflows to the Osman Sagar reservoir from 11 % of the total annual rainfall (754 mm) recorded at present, to 8 % if AWM interventions were implemented at large scale throughout the catchment. A cost-benefit analysis of AWM interventions showed that the highest net economic returns were achieved at intermediate intervention levels (only in-situ AWM).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace7044,
title = {Zeolitic soils of the Deccan basalt areas in India: Their pedology and edaphology},
author = {Pal DK and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/7044/},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Current Science},
volume = {105},
number = {3},
pages = {309--318},
publisher = {Indian Academy of Sciences},
abstract = {Zeolites play an important role in modifying the chemis-try, physics and biology of soils. Here we review the status of the pedology and edaphology of the zeolitic soils of the Deccan basalt areas of India. Research has been mainly conducted with clinoptilolite (a potas-sium-rich zeolite). However, some basic research has been conducted on zeolitic (heulandites, calcium-rich zeolites) soils of India developed from the Deccan basalts. The results of such research have added to basic understanding of the pedology of tropical soils; and have enhanced our understanding of edaphology related to the use of zeolitic sodic and non-sodic shrink?swell soils (Vertisols) for cultivating crops with-out causing any degradation in soil properties, but with an improvement in organic carbon status. Res-earch is needed on the specific role of heulandites in the presence of K+ and NH+4 fixing clay minerals in soil environments. Identification of soil zeolites by deter-mining cation exchange capacity and extractable bases is possible when sophisticated instrumental facilities are not available. The need for future research on the pedology and chemistry of zeolitic soils for their sustainable use for agricultural production and envi-ronmental management is emphasized.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Anantha2012,
title = {Economic implications of groundwater exploitation in hard rock areas of southern peninsular India},
author = {KH Anantha},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-012-9394-0},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-05},
journal = {Environment, Development and Sustainability},
volume = {15},
pages = {587–606},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{ICRISAT2012,
title = {Mission project on rainfed agriculture: Bridging yield gaps through science-led interventions for sustainable use of natural resources in Karnataka},
author = {ICRISAT },
url = {http://111.93.2.168/idc/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/AnnualReport2011-12.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-04-30},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@article{dspace6550,
title = {Alleviation of multinutrient deficiency for productivity enhancement of rain-fed soybean and finger millet in the semi-arid region of India},
author = {Rajashekhara Rao BK and Krishnappa K and Srinivasarao C and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL and Pardhasaradhi G},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6550/},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis},
volume = {43},
number = {10},
pages = {1427--1435},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {Soil nutrient contents were determined in 802 surface soil samples (0?15 cm deep) collected from farmers' fields that support extensive cultivation of soybean (Glycine max L.) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana G.), spread across three districts, in the semi-arid regions of Karnataka, India. Following soil analysis, on-farm crop trials were conducted during 2005?2007 to study the crop response to the soil application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) fertilizers. Analyses of soil samples revealed that 4?83% fields were deficient in N, 34?65% in P, 83?93% in extractable S, 53?96% in B, and 34?88% of farmers' fields were deficient in Zn. On-farm trials conducted during the three rainy seasons (2005, 2006, and 2007) significantly (P $łeq$ 0.05) enhanced crop productivity indices such as yields of grain, stover, and total biomass in soybean and finger millet crops. Integrated management of deficient nutrients in finger millet and soybean crops significantly enhanced the grain and straw uptake of N, P, K, S, and Zn.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{dspace6193,
title = {Balanced plant nutrition enhances rainfed crop yields and water productivity in Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh states of India},
author = {Chander G and Wani SP and Sahrawat KL and Jangawad LS},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6193/},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Tropical Agriculture},
volume = {50},
number = {1-2},
pages = {24--29},
publisher = {KAU Publication},
abstract = {Two hundred and thirty six soil samples from farmers? fields in the Gumla and Saraikela districts of Jharkhand, and Jhabua and Mandla districts of Madhya Pradesh were analyzed for soil chemical fertility. Results showed deficiencies of sulphur (43 to 100% of samples), boron (69 to 98%), and zinc (5 to 73%). Majority of the farmers? fields, except for those in the Saraikela district, fell in the normal range of soil carbon, phosphorus, and potassium. Soil samples from Jharkhand were relatively poor in fertility. In on-farm trials conducted during 2009 and 2010 in Jharkhand, balanced nutrition (NPK+ S+B Zn) increased yields by 27 to 56% for paddy (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Similarly, in Madhya Pradesh, productivity improved by 14 to 57% for soybean (Glycine max), paddy, groundnut, blackgram (Vigna mungo), and greengram (Vigna radiata). The benefits of balanced nutrition included effective utilization of scarce water and increased rainwater use efficiency (1.02 to 13.3 kg mm?1 ha?1), compared with farmers? practice (0.92 to 9.67 kg mm?1 ha?1). Balanced nutrition provided net returns ranging from Rs. 7155 to 12375 ha?1 in Jharkhand and Rs. 1475 to 12735 ha?1 in Madhya Pradesh. A favourable benefit-to-cost ratio in Jharkhand (7.36 to 12.0) and Madhya Pradesh (1.97 to 9.35) demonstrated the economic viability of balanced nutrition.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@incollection{dspace6537,
title = {Baseline characterization of Tad Fa watershed, Khon Kaen province, Northeast Thailand},
author = {Tongpoonpol S and Pongkanchana A and Seehaban P and Wani SP and Rego TJ},
editor = {S P Wani and P Pathak and K L Sahrawat},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6537/},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Community watershed management for sustainable intensification in Northeast Thailand},
number = {70-12},
pages = {1--29},
publisher = {Patancheru, Hyderabad},
address = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Agriculture is the main occupation in Thailand and it plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Thailand is located in the tropical monsoon climate region where the amount of rainfall is high but shortage of water occurs even in rainy season. Only 20% of total agricultural area is under irrigation, with rest constituting rainfed area, which has relatively lower crop yields. High soil erosion and reduced soil productivity are some of the problems in the rainfed area.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}

@manual{dspace6448,
title = {Bhoochetana rejuvenating land and livelihoods in Karnataka: Bhoochetana, meaning land rejuvenation, is reviving soils, harvests and incomes},
author = {Wani SP},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/6448/},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India},
organization = {International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics},
abstract = {Since Bhoochetana started in 2008, agricultural production has risen by almost 6 percent. In 2011, 3 million faram families experienced yield gains of 35-66 % and, despite poor rains, the project resulted in economic growth of $130 million through increased food production.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {manual}
}

@book{dspace5925,
title = {Bhoochetana: Mission to boost productivity of rainfed agriculture through science-led interventions in Karnatak},
author = {Wani SP},
editor = {S P Wani and K V Sarvesh and K Krishnappa and B K Dharmarajan and S M Deepaja},
url = {http://oar.icrisat.org/5925/},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
publisher = {International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics},
address = {Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh India},
abstract = {Role and contribution of rainfed areas in food production has been quite significant. Eighty per cent of the cultivable area in the world and population is dependent on rainfed agriculture. Major share of food production ie., about 60% comes from rainfed agriculture. Area under rainfed agriculture in India is 85 million ha. contributing to 44% National food production. Similar situation more or less exists in Karnataka. Out of total cultivated area of 123.85 lakh ha., about 70% of the area is rainfed. Major rainfed crops of the State are jowar, ragi, maize, minor millets, groundnut, sunflower, soybean, tur, green gram, black gram, Bengal gram, and field bean etc. It has been observed that the average yields of these crops by and large in the State are less than the national average and also averages of other States. Further a wide gap exists in actual yield levels in the farmer?s field and yields of field level demonstrations. There is an opportunity to enhance yield levels in the fields of farmers by two to three folds through adoption of suitable improved dryland technologies for various crops. Based on the research findings of ICRISAT, Hyderabad, and demonstrations conducted under Sujala Watershed Programme; a set of dryland technologies have been identified by ICRISAT, Hyderabad for increasing yields to an extent of minimum 20%. Encouraged by this, and also with a view to enable farmers to get better yields in their fields, the Government of Karnataka initiated an novel scheme called Bhoochetana during 2009?10.......},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}